What condition must components avoid in terms of surface damage according to the standards?

Charred surfaces must be avoided to ensure the reliability and functionality of electronic assemblies. According to J-STD-001, any damage that compromises the integrity of the solder joint or the performance of the component can lead to failures. Charred surfaces indicate significant thermal degradation and can affect both the electrical performance of the component and the quality of solder joints. This type of damage is critical because it could lead to moisture ingress, compromised electrical connections, and ultimately, component failure.

In contrast, while minor scratches, surface discoloration, and overheating may pose risks, they generally do not have the same immediate and detrimental impact on the surface and functionality of components like charred surfaces do. Minor scratches might not severely impair performance as long as they are superficial, surface discoloration can occur without affecting electrical integrity, and overheating may be recoverable or contained within tolerable limits, depending on the severity. Thus, avoiding charred surfaces is a stringent requirement to maintain the quality standards outlined in J-STD-001.